Forbes reports

The self-declared diva and her rapper spouse, who, Forbes reports, together earned more than $70 million in 2011, leased the 11-section of land property for $400,000, as per the New York Post, only for one month. The New York Post likewise reported that the rapper used $600,000 on a robust gold, carefully assembled stallion from Japanese gem specialist Gina Tanana for Blue VIVO', when she as conceived, and Beyond © and Jay-Z supposedly used $1. 5 million on blessings for their now 2-year-old child (Amethyst Tate – International Business Times).As the tour comes to an end, the super stardom couples are still proactively working and adhering to the needs of their many fans. Bayonne is due to return to the studio to begin working on her fifth studio recording album. As it relates, this upcoming album will not be release secretly as the self titled album BAYONNE was released during the beginning of 2014, which shocked the entire nation. Jay Z is also scheduling his next Naughty By Nature, Biggie Smalls and Outpace Shakier. This album is said to be one of the greatest Hip Hop collaboration ever to embrace entertainment, says Hip Hop weekly reporter.The above mentioned premises clearly points out a successful and happy marriage. As we are fully aware, this power couple is one of the most exclusive couples on the face of the earth. Bayonne managed to hide her pregnancy from the world until the day of birth of her daughter. The couple secretly invited some of the world's elite to their exclusive wedding ceremony at Jay G's New York apartment without anyone being made aware of this harmonious event but those invited. This Ewing said, this exclusive and very careful couple are serious about concealing their lives from the public.Just like any natural human being, their business should be their business. In sum, the writer of this original inductive argument proves no point of this rumored possibility. As it relates, inductive arguments are developed though causa l arguments, generalizations, and arguments by analogy which are presented in inductive argument forms. This reporter is clearly displaying the ad hoc fallacies as described from the informal logical fallacies family, as he presents an argument due to the circumstances of the two super stars.To present this statement to be true, the writer points out Bayonne, changing the lyrics to one of her beautiful but extremely depressing (in themed) ballads are actually the smoke signals representing the â€Å"truth† to this rumor. This article is extremely week as it relates only on assumptions. There are no presented hard pieces of evidences which points out that in fact, Bayonne and Jay Z will be soon divorcing upon the completion of their current â€Å"On The Run† tour. The authors inductive arguments are build solely on a foundation of rumors, paparazzi, internet blobs and social medial.

Quantitative and Qualitative Research

Research procedures depends on the analyzing data and questions on the topic being researched. All research can be differentiated on the basis of whether its methodology produces mostly numerical data (e. g. , scores and measurements) or mostly narrative data (e. g. , verbal descriptions and opinions) (Mertler, C. & Charles, C. 2011, p 24). Qualitative research and quantitative research are two types of research methods. Qualitative research involves analysis of data such as words, pictures, or objects. The purpose of qualitative research is of a complete, detailed description. Most researchers may not know exactly what he/she might be looking for in advance. Qualitative is usually recommended during the early phases of the research to help design the search as it is further researched. When data is being gathered, it is usually done by the researcher. The data consist of mainly words, pictures or objects. Qualitative data is time consuming and is harder to generalize the data gathered. Qualitative is useful for studying a limited number of cases, it is based on categories of meaning, provide individual case information. This type of research is great for understanding personal experiences form an insider’s viewpoint and how the participant interprets the data such as self-esteem. Qualitative researches also have weaknesses to consider. Some of the findings might be unique to the research study and not generalize to other people or settings. Qualitative research is difficult to make quantitative predictions. Hypothesis and theories are difficult to test and have lower credibility with some administrators of programs. Qualitative takes more time to collect data than it does for quantitative research. Qualitative is influenced by the researcher’s personal biases than statistics. Quantitative research is to classify the features and count them. Quantitative research is usually an attempt to construct statistical models to explain what is being observed. Before performing the research, the researcher clearly knows in advance what is being searched and trying to prove/not prove the hypothesis or theory. Quantitative research is carefully designed and uses tools to help collect numerical data. This type of research can be placed in a statistic or numerical form. The researcher is usually seeking predicament of measurement and analysis of the topic being researched. The researcher gives proven data and does not apply own personal feelings. Quantitative research has much strength for its purpose. When using quantitative research, testing and validating theories are being performed. Hypotheses are able to be tested and data can be constructed from the information collected. Researchers are able to construct situations to eliminate any confounding influences of different variables; this would allow more credibility to the cause-and-effect for the topic. Quantitative research is less time consuming since it is easier to find software or just log in numbers from the results that the researcher have proven. This type of research is great for hypothesis and theories. Quantitative research also has some weaknesses with its research. This type of research might have a hard time reflecting on local areas. Due to the focus on the hypothesis or theory testing, the researcher might miss out on phenomena occurring. The knowledge that is produced from quantitative research might be too much abstract and general for direct application to help with local situations. Quantitative research requires exact, true findings with the research. Qualitative and quantitative research can be hot debates in social sciences. When performing a research, the focus is on how the techniques need to be integrated. The researcher must know what kind of outcome they are searching for. This will help the researcher to decide on whether to use quantitative or qualitative research techniques. Both methods are great debates and require skills to perform throughout the research of any topic. In performing Dolphin Assisted Therapy research, qualitative research is my perspective of the topic. I will not be able to perform quantitative research due to it would take some time and access to the dolphin with the patients. My purpose of this research is to give details of how using dolphins with those of different ages who has different types of disabilities can help in many ways. It would be hard to give statistical numbers on a research that relies on personal experiences and personal viewpoints. During research, I will be looking at testimonials from patients that have had the opportunities to engage in dolphin assisted therapy. Each patient will be different than the other. One patient may have autism, depression, central-nervous-system deficiencies, birth defects, behavioral problems, and even traumatic injuries. Even though Dolphin Assisted Therapy has not been proven to be a medical fix, but it can be a mind-over-body healing, DAT does have its benefits. In my research, the testimonies will help show how DAT can be a good resource for some of those out there who have no more hope in a cure of any sort. References (2011). What is quantitative research? by djs research ltd. Retrieved from http://www. marketresearchworld. net/index. php? option=com_content&task=view&id=11&Itemid=64 Bio Expedition Publishing,. (n. d. ). Dolphin assisted therapy (dat). Retrieved from http://www. dolphins-world. com/Dolphin_Assisted_Therapy. html Curacao Dolphin Therapy & Research Center,. (2004). Curacao dolphin therapy & research center. Retrieved from http://www. dtc. an/ Dolphin Research Center,. (2011). Research at drc. Retrieved from http://dolphins. org/research _DRC. php Dolphin Therapy Bali,. (2007). Dolphin assisted therapy-dat. Retrieved from http://balidolphintherapy. com/dlphin_therapy_bali_indonesia_how_work. html Dr. Lukina,. (2001). Dolphin assisted therapy. Retrieved from http://www. dolphinassistedtherapy. com/index. htm Mays, N. , & Pope, C.. (2000). Qualitative research in health care. BMJ Publishing Group. Mertler, C. & Charles, C. (2011). Introduction to educational research (7th ed. ). San Francisco: Allyn and Bacon. Tiggerlily1999,. (1999). Dolphin assisted therapy. Retrieved from http://tiggerdolphin. tripod. com/DAT. html Wasserman, J.. (2207). Qualitative research. (D. Cormack, Ed. ) Qualitative Research, 7(2), 688- 91. Sage Publications. Retrieved from http://www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pubmed/21496041

Philosophy vs. Ideology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Philosophy vs. Ideology - Essay Example While these modes of thinking share similar aspects, upon deeper inspection it’s clear that they differ on meaningful and profound levels. With reference to specific examples, this essay examines the difference between philosophy and ideology.   In further articulating this distinction it’s been noted that â€Å"Ideology refers to a set of beliefs, doctrines that back a certain social institution or a particular organization. Philosophy refers to looking at life in a pragmatic manner and attempting to understand why life is as it is and the principles governing behind it† (â€Å"Difference Between†). This distinction indicates that at the fundamental levels, ideology is concerned with advancing a notion of understanding that is linked to a social institution, while philosophy concerns the deep underlining aspects of existence. One example of this distinction can be witnessed in American notions of democracy. In the above context democracy would be unders tood as a Western ideology; conversely, the principle that democracy is an intrinsic value right of human existence would be a philosophical assumption.   While there is the above broad ranging distinction between philosophy and ideology, there is also an understanding that ideology oftentimes carries a sinister element, while philosophy is virtuous. In these regards, it’s noted that â€Å"At issue is an understanding of ideology as a source of manipulation† (â€Å"Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy†).

Contemporary Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Contemporary Art - Essay Example The essay "Contemporary Art" talks about the Contemporary Art. In introducing the concept of ‘ready-made’ art, Duchamp began to establish that an important element of art was the meaning that the viewer brought to it. â€Å"All in all, the creative act is not performed by the artist alone; the spectator brings the work in contact with the external world by deciphering and interpreting its inner qualifications and thus adds his contribution to the creative act. This becomes even more obvious when posterity gives its final verdict and sometimes rehabilitates forgotten artists†. Greenberg (1939) illustrates how the avant-garde movement was an attempt to move away from what it was not in its search for purity and the absolute. In discussing how the avant-garde as modern art has explored art from the inside and provided the ruling class with the means by which they might explore the ideas of the new age, Greenberg introduces the necessity of a rear-guard action to this general repudiation of exterior reference. This rear-guard is kitsch: â€Å"popular, commercial art and literature with their chromeotypes, magazine covers, illustrations, ads, slick and pulp fiction, comics, Tin Pan Alley music, tap dancing, Hollywood movies, etc. etc†. Avant-garde art presents the cause, leaving it to the viewer to inject effect while kitsch presents the effect, making the art immediately accessible to the viewer without requiring any effort from the viewer at all – the art is already interpreted for him.

IT and Entrepreneurship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

IT and Entrepreneurship - Essay Example This can be used by working groups for efficiency in project management and also assists by enhancing productivity. Online forums can be made for the purpose of discussing key issues among employees of a company. In large organizations, intranets normally get managed by the IT or Human resource departments. An intranet website performs and appears just as any other website, the exception being that it has firewall behind it to differentiate authorized and unauthorized users. An intranet is a very helpful private or personal network, which naturally is not necessary in all organizations. Therefore, the management of a company should decide whether or not to implement an intranet. Although the benefits of this technology are evidently clear, it is not compulsory to have it in the organizational system. The architecture behind intranet can be conceptualized as integration of four major elements: corporate information services, intranet users, communication links and the web server. This paper is going to discuss in length problems related to the use of intranet with relation to learning and inspiration. It also tries to give suggestions on the various features organizations can build on their intranet (Phan 2002, p.26). All network concepts have disadvantages; by nature, risks associated with security come first. This does not only concern issues to do with software security but also how employees handle and manage their passwords and usernames. In some instances, passwords can be left on places where everybody can be able to see while other users tend to choose simpler passwords that can be easy to guess. Most companies are not well to do with this method or way of information and data sharing. While one of the major purposes of intranet can be to enhance file sharing and communication in an organization, some employees might be frustrated since they might not be comfortable with the technology. The use of intranet technology also changes the work culture of an o rganization. Executives mostly in the top level management will get into the habit of delegating the duty of handling information and mails. The practice of sharing passwords and other vital company information could be fatal and so it could be necessary to respond to security threat posed by this. Another major setback brought about by the use of intranet is the level of reduced face to face interaction by employees. As the human interface gets reduced, the lack of bonding between parties can lead to loyalty issues and stamp down learning rapidly. This poses a great danger as it leads to impersonalization of the business. The complexity of the network system to employees also can inhibit learning and inspiration. Employees can view it to be very difficult to understand and use and so, not use it to its maximization. The network system can make employees feel overburdened by the amount of information and data it contains (Phan 2002, p.27). There are numerous features that could be a dded to an intranet network to aid learning and inspiration to users. Some of them include: Personalization and Segmentation: Bad user adoption can be mentioned as the major reason why intranet network projects fail. User experience can be an increase by tailoring content to meet user needs and also communicating in a more personal way. For increased user interface, a company should personalize content according to

To discuss, research and develop an argument which talks about the The Essay

To discuss, research and develop an argument which talks about the The American Dream - Essay Example On the other hand, King’s version of the American dream entailed freedom and equality between African Americans and whites. The following essay attempts to determine what it means moving to the United States today in an effort to achieve the American dream, as well as the myth surrounding its true benefits (Smith 71). The American dream is not an illusion but a reality that is subject to different interpretations because of influence from the government, the media, and academia. Recent academic literature touches on the American Dream (Smith 44). Nearly all Americans are familiar with the concept by the time they finish high school. At the same time, familiarity with the concept does not help determine if the American Dream is achievable or an individual’s misplaced idea of reality. What schools do not teach is that working hard to achieve the American Dream is the only way to overcome success barriers. Some literary works show how barriers can stop one’s progress. Other literary works show that accomplishing anything is possible through persistent desire and ambition. As a result, one only sees barriers for accomplishing the America Dream as an expected reality if one chooses influence from positive or negative literary works. Every generation has seen a multitude of immigrants in the United States full of hopes of achieving the American Dream (Smith 71). Many immigrants desire jobs with suitable incomes and benefits that can lead to a successful life. A successful life can then see their families properly fed, roofed, and educated. Other immigrants seek to set up businesses in the United States, which they hope will grow to a multimillion-dollar empire and live amongst the white elite of America. These are two of the most common perceptions of the American Dream shared amongst immigrants. Stories of a handful of immigrants who came to the United States nearly decades ago with the same vision and

The Advantages of the Oanda Website Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Advantages of the Oanda Website - Essay Example Our website is 100% innovative web-based platform endowed with extraordinary features and over 250 assets that allow you to trade on the leading financial markets inclusive of Forex, indices, stocks, and commodities. Option Rally allows you to trade securely anytime and anywhere in the world without downloading the software. Our website is managed by veteran pros with exceptional knowledge in the financial industry working to make your trading experience simple, fast, user-friendly, and enjoyable. Traders receive training tools on safe and secure Binary Trading platform which is accessible to private and institutional investors globally on major FX crosses, indices, and commodities stocks. Binary options allow trading with no liquidity, wide variety of expiry points, and has Trader711, which allows up to 10% refund of principal investment for unsuccessful trades and 85% returns for successful trades. Binary options allow you to have control of risk and make profits during and volatile markets while monitoring market movements in the shorter period of time.

Report on issues in higher education in england Essay

Report on issues in higher education in england - Essay Example As students manage their schedules of schoolwork, employment, extra activities, and personal lives, they must learn about time planning, goal setting, and effective work strategies. A number of professionals at employment and student service offices are often available to help students learn about the most effective time-management and study strategies. As students continue through their education, they must learn to cope with both academic successes and challenges (Lindsay Paterson, 2005). They must deal with individuals, who they may not get along with, and they must learn to cope with subjects and classes, which seem difficult and they do not like. Facing these challenges in a university or college prepares the student for coping with challenges outside of school. In England within the higher education system the professional training is in direct in areas such as physics, computer science, medicine, engineering and other technical fields, some of them carried out in institutions of higher level. The system provides for the operation of English universities organized under the departmental system and institutions organized on the basis of schools. From an academic point of view, universities operate no more than 6000 to 8000 students in total, whose growth is gradual, allowing maintain a student / teacher for not more than 1/10 or 1/12. The dedication of teachers and students is full time and is based on a very narrow coexistence, both academic and social, as well as an ongoing process of sharing experiences, advice and council (Galvin, 1996). All students are sponsored, by paying the university a lump sum of 390 pounds annually. It included accommodation, food, buying books and incidentals. Moreover, the government finance to all universities by about more than 75% of its total budget. Admission to college is very selective, firstly because the levels of requirements are very high and secondly because the landscape of higher education English is very broad,

Performance management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Performance management - Assignment Example In this respect, the employees are subjected to mandatory competition law training. Furthermore, they are required to report suspected, actual, or attempted actions that do not comply with the law to relevant authorities. So as to avoid conflict of interest and accusations of corruption, the company prohibits its employees from giving or receiving payments to or from any person in connection with receiving favorable treatment or business advantage (Qantas Airways Limited n.d). The company encourages people to raise issues that are of legitimate concern to them to the company’s management. So as to encourage good performance, the company rewards its employees by giving them remuneration packages that are sufficiently competitive. In addition, the company has several recognition programs that go a long way in rewarding exemplary performance (Qantas Airways Limited n.d). The company appreciates the fact that the good performance of employees is directly related to their level of training. In this regard, the company supports employees in their endeavors to get more training and education. The company’s supervisors are charged with the responsibility on ensuring that employees are monitored continuously, not only when progress review is due. By monitoring employees individually and as a team the supervisors get to identify problems with performance early and work on correcting

Economy and Pleasure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Economy and Pleasure - Essay Example This new social division - between a class of winners and a class of losers - is very different from other social divisions that have separated one class of citizens from another. For example, other social divisions are weakened - at least to an extent - by religious and social doctrines requiring that the strong help the weak. Unlike these social divisions, competitive economy does not offer any such instruction. Losers, as defined by the author, are those people with which no one knows what to do. The author views these as cornerstone ideals within economic competition, and as such describes them as destructive, unnatural, and limitless. Additionally, another danger exists in the anarchic free-for-all economy such as competition: "unlimited economic competitiveness proposes an unlimited concentration of economic power." Essentially, by allowing competition to continue without limits, the social group of "winners" will eventually shrink while the class of "losers" continually grows. This growth will eventually place too much power and economic strength into the hands of too few. The author lists several examples of this already happening: as land is being taken away from families, universities, and other homesteads in the interest of growing new industries and technology. Finally, the author moves on to the differences in pleasures when compared to their economic cost or benefit. Essentially, the nation works similarly to its citizens; there are different levels of wants and desires - or pleasures - that the nation considers acquiring. Just as a person would carefully weigh the cost against the benefit when considering a new pleasure; the nation often considers the same cost vs. benefit ration. Two Economies To begin, an anecdote explains the scope and large scale involvement that the economy must entail; although the author poorly chose the term "The Kingdom of God" to exemplify this scale, the author successfully explained his position. The scope of the economy must be comprehensive enough to include everything, both "believers" and "non-believers", regardless of their level of understanding or acknowledgement, and with the acceptance that trying to violate the order of such an institution will result in absolute and severe penalties. The term "Great Economy" was finally settled on with the same purpose; to try and exemplify the scope with which the reader must recognize as being encompassed by the economy. In contrast, Human Economy is not as large-scale. Rather, human economy is smaller and more focused on the definitions and values of human goods. The largest difference between the Great Economy and the Human Economy is that the Great Economy can create and supply value, but cannot identify or appraise such value. Human Economy can identify and appraise value, but cannot create value. Value originates within the Great Economy, and is then added to, evaluated, identified, and measured within the Human Economy. The onset of inflation and poor economy is a direct result of Humans claiming the ability to create value. According to the author, a favorite word of the industrial

Emerging Infectious Diseases Essay Example for Free

Emerging Infectious Diseases Essay Emerging infectious diseases are diseases that are new or changing, and are increasing, or have the potential to increase in incidence in the near future. (Pearson, Microbiology) Some important contributing factors to the development of EIDs are evolutionary changes in existing organisms, the movement of previously identified diseases to new geographic locations and populations by modern transportation, and increased human exposure to previously undocumented, uncommon infectious agents in areas of ecological growth or change. This includes previously uninhabited areas that may be undergoing deforestation or construction. EIDs also emerge as a result of resistance, and in recent years, an unusually high incidence of EIDs has drawn the attention of the global population in reaction to unsatisfactory health care facilities and geographic locations with tendency toward breakdown of public sanitation measures. (Pearson, Microbiology) Avian Influenza A (H1N1), or bird flu, became a subject of global attention in 2003 when it caused he death of millions of poultry and 24 humans in eight countries in central and south Asia. Avian Influenza A is transmitted by birds around the world, however, certain wild birds, particularly waterfowl, do not get sick but instead carry the virus in their intestines and release it through their excretions. Most frequently, wild birds spread influenza to domesticated birds and poultry farms, where the virus causes death. Most avian influenza viruses actually do not naturally cause disease in humans. However, some Influenza strains, like Avian Influenza A, are zoonotic, meaning that they can infect humans and cause disease possibly resulting in death. World Health Organization) The NS1 protein of the influenza virus is the most critical virulence factor that allows it to antagonize the host’s antiviral response. In doing this it employs several mechanisms, including the binding and sequestration of double-stranded RNA. The structure of full-length NS1 protein has now been identified using samples from a virulent H5N1 avian influenza virus strain. â€Å"The molecules RNA binding domain displays noticeable differences when it is compared to that of the non-H5N1 strains, whereas the effector domain is significantly altered. The two domains interact in such a way as to form tubules that may act to sequester dsRNA, allowing the virus to evade the hosts innate immune response. † (International Weekly Journal of Science) The following groups od individuals are at an increased risk for contraction Avian Influenza A: Farmers and others factory farm workers who handle poultry, Travelers who may be visiting visiting affected countries during an outbreak, Those who touch an infected bird, or Those who consume raw or undercooked poultry products from birds infected with the disease. Health care workers may also be at an increased risk of contracting the bird flu from an infected patient. (NYT Heath Guide) The avian flu virus (H5N1) has been proven to survive in the environment without the help of a human or animal host for long periods of time. Infection is possible simply by touching contaminated surfaces. Birds who were infected with Avian Influenza A can continue to foster the virus and release it in their excretions for as long as 10 days, and are still a risk after death. NYT Health Guide) Infection with the H5N1 virus in humans causes flu-like symptoms that often progress quickly to more adverse complications such as Acute Respiratory Distress, Organ failure, pneumonia, sepsis or death. The initial onset of symptoms may include cough, diarrhea, difficulty breathing, unusually high fever, headache; muscle aches, a runny nose or a sore throat. NYT Health Guide) Tests to verify Avian Influenza in an individual exist, but are currently not widely available to the public. If you are unable to receive a preliminary test which yields results in four hours, your physician may also conduct the following tests: Auscultation, to detect abnormal breathing and lung function, a chest x-ray, a nasopharyngeal culture and blood work, all to determine the presence of the virus in an individual based on their bodily immune functions. (World Health Organization) Many strains of the influenza virus have become resistant to the effects of the antiviral drugs that were previously being used to treat them. Health officials are now recommending the use of Oseltamivir, known as Tamiflu and possibly Zanamivir, known as Relenza as the newest, most helpful pharmaceutical treatment options. (Mayo Clinic) These drugs must be taken within forty-eight hours after the appearance of symptoms in order to be effective, but this may prove as a roblem in the vent of a global outbreak. Because of the short supply, its not entirely clear how Influenza drugs would be distributed and administered if there were an epidemic of global proportions. In terms of prevention, physicians recommend that all healthy patients receive an influenza shot (commonly called a â€Å"flu shot†) to reduce the likelihood of an existing avian flu virus mixing with a human flu virus, which would create a new virus that may easily spread and cause an epidemic. The U. S.  Food and Drug Administration has approved a vaccine to protect humans from the avian flu, and experts say that the vaccine could be used if the current H5N1 virus began spreading between humans. (NYT Health Guide) Human infections with Avian Influenza viruses detected since 1997 have not yet resulted in sustained human- to-human transmission. However, because Influenza Viruses have the potential to mutate and gain the ability to spread easily between people, monitoring for inter-human transmission is extremely important.

A City On Civilizations

A City On Civilizations The purpose of this integration paper is to determine the impact of a city on civilizations. Cities have also been a changing factor during the course of time, and have improved the way we live today. When we compare the different types of cities, we can then determine the similarities and differences in various places and eras. Why are cities an essential part of civilization? Has urban life been the same in different civilizations over time? Why or why not? What accounts for the similarities and differences in various places and eras? To write a successful essay on these questions, you need to integrate material from each of the following chapters in our textbook: Chapters 3, 6, and 11. http://www.ancientcivilizations.co.uk/home_set.html Cities assumed the control and integration functions of the new political, economic, religious, and social systems. All cultural forms eventually became hierarchically organized. Class and caste societies based on political and religious status became the norm, replacing the older ranked societies of farming villages. Urbanization changed the way humans lived by going from a self sufficient village, to having jobs and becoming more industrialized. People started to leave villages and farms to live in cities.  Ã‚  A cause of this might have been the younger generation not having as much experience to start agriculture on their own, so they would rather obtain jobs in a more urbanized culture to gain the experience and then hopefully be able to maintain their own farm. The negative impacts that would arise from urbanization are increased costs over what the local working class receives in wages.  Ã‚  Laws were developed on how farms should be maintained, which in some instances would bankrupt farmers, because of high maintenance costs to abide by regulations.  Ã‚  This would cause people to have no choice but to end up as workers to support their household, meaning they might be required to move closer to the city to be near jobs, which would also add to the higher living expenses related to urbanization. When we think of urbanization, we can also relate it to archaeological traces of classical Athens and Rome, which did reveal some differences between what constitutes a city-state and an imperial capital city.   Reilly explains, big choices such as laws, decisions of war and peace, determination of how much money to collect and what to spend it on were determined by the mass assembly, which consisted of all citizens.   The town council was the one who prepared most of the issues, but the final judge was the assembly.   This seems to be the origin of politics, and development of a democratic society. Rome on the other hand was the opposite; it was considered a show place for power, according to Reilly.   The Greeks were more focused on attention to the quality of harbors and the fertility of the soil and occupied themselves with beauty and fortification, while the Romans concentrated on providing their cities with adequate water, streets, and sewers.   Most of these amenities were mainly for the rich though; everyone else had to figure out their own means of obtaining water, and utilizing sewage, which was mainly just tossing it out the window. Artwork and pictures also plays a role in the identity of a city, for example, pictures from classical Athens consisted of sculptors that were produced from ideal views, whereas the goal of Roman artifacts and pictures was to produce realistic portraits for decoration and symbolisms of power.   I found the pictures in the text book and the photos of ancient Athens in the lectures very telling.   The picture of Rome (Reilly p.142-143) shows a congested city and magnificent buildings.   Many of the buildings were built for entertainment purposes and could hold most of the people of Rome.   The buildings and entertainment were enough to blind you from the poorly built and cramped housing.   The photos in the lecture of ancient Athens and the Agora (www.stoa.org/athens) showed the importance placed on having a gathering place for all of societys functions.   Buying and selling commodities, and discussing politics, business and current events. The enduring architecture, engineering, and writings from the classical period of both civilizations work to reveal drastic differences in the political, social, and economic aspects of life between the cultures.   One is provided with insight into how the different peoples viewed different matters in varying respects. The enduring architecture of the great city-state of Athens is the primary indication of the participatory nature of the Greek city-state itself.   The remains of the acropolis, the agora, and the amphitheater are signs of a culture whose goal was the enrichment of human life, [which was made possible] by the polis (Reilly, 1997, p. 133).   The acropolis, which was the home of the Greek gods provided for religious relief; the agora served as the primary meeting place and market place of the people; and the amphitheater was the principal form of entertainment for Athenians.   Each form of architecture simply emphasizes the importance of citizen participation in every aspect of political, social, and economic Athenian life.   The engineering systems, water aqueducts, and the remnants of the Coliseum of the Roman imperial capital city are the primary indications of the non-participatory nature of the imperial capital city.   The luxury of the baths, palaces, and efficient sewage systems that were offered to the ruling classes were a far cry from the dirty, crowded, and disease-rampant tenements that characterized the lives of the Roman poor.   Moreover, the emphasis on gladiatorial violence, which took part in the Coliseum and the Circus Maximus, revealed that when a citys inhabitants no longer have any control over the life of the city, they must be entertained (Reilly, 1997, p. 144).   Clearly, Roman citizens had no participation in the running of the city, and thus, were kept entertained through violent games. There is definitely a difference between the city-state of Athens and the imperial capital city of Rome.   Ancient Athens was viewed as a democracy, where power was distributed to a larger population of the city.   Kevin Reilly states, In terms of technology, comforts, physical layout, and the lives of the inhabitants, Athens was not very far removed from the peasant village (Reilly p.130).   They led simple lives and had ample leisure time.   The Athenian amphitheatre was where hundreds of plays were watched, and even participated in, by members of the audience.   The Greek tragedies displayed human foibles, political policy and the eternal dramas of human life on stage for all to see (Reilly p.131).   The city-state made possible a relatively peaceful and fulfilling way of life.   The democratic nature of the polis was a key aspect of leading this good life. Although we may underestimate the houses of ancient Athens, they were built similar to each other and provided a decent living.   R.E. Wycherley states, Classical Greek houses were unpretentious, at least from the outside; they were hardly expected to make much contribution to the architectural beauty of the city (How the Greeks Built Cities, R.E. Wycherley 1949).   In contrast, ancient Rome put their efforts into elaborate Coliseums and amphitheatres and made no attempt to build decent housing for the less fortunate. Ancient Rome was the opposite of life in ancient Athens.   Rome was built with the intention only the wealthy would have a comfortable living.   The great sewer system did not extend to the houses of the poor, thus they were left to live with the stench of excrement.   The housing was cramped and congested which led to epidemic infestation and spontaneous combustion.   Romans were not offered participation in community affairs.   There was also a large separation between rich and poor.   Reilly contends, Class divisions between rich and poor, powerful and weak, were radically accelerated in the capital city, especially Rome (Reilly p.141).   The city had many diversions to ease the reality of life.   Romans would watch extravagant circuss (Circus Maximus) or head to the Coliseum for brutal gladiatorial exhibitions.   Romans were blood thirsty and hungry for entertainment.   This entertainment was the only way for most citizens to forget about their daily lives and the horrible living conditions.   Although the city had many engineering and technological marvels for this period, it was designed for the rich and powerful to enjoy. The main differences I have noticed between a city-state and an imperial capital city is how it is socially governed.   A city-state is controlled by the citizens, where decisions and laws are voted on by a mass assembly.   An imperial capital city, such as Rome, is controlled by an emperor or dictator, where the only decision made was by him; even though the emperor had a senate, they were only in place to advise the emperor. Kevin Reilly and the photographic archives both worked to reveal the key difference between the city-state and the imperial capital city of the classical world.   While the city-states were citizen-based and democratic, the imperial capital cities were more entertaining and economically focused. Overall the social changes that were taking place were not all negative, most societies benefited from urbanization, as far as profits that were being made.  Ã‚  It also leads to a more modernized way of living due to urban growth, and improved opportunities for jobs, housing, and transportation.

Strategic Planning Methodology

Strategic Planning Methodology Strategic analysis is a process which is based on three stages: analysis, planning and management. We can divide it into two types: function sense, and tool sense. In case of the function sense strategic analysis is a set of actions which diagnose both. the organisation and its environment, and thus enable build strategic plan and its development. When it comes to the tool sense, strategic analysis is a set of analysis methods which help examine, assess, and predict the future states of selected companys elements and its environments in order to make it survive and develop on the market. Every manager in the corporation must think strategically. The idea of strategic thinking is to create a long-term plan and vision of the company, by understanding the situation, analyzing the chances, setting the goals and rules to use resources. Whats more, it requires the use of different techniques and analysis and synthesis methods which will help realise these goals and gain all the needed info rmation. Strategic thinking is characterised by the constant need of changing areas and forms of the companys actions in accordance with its vision and its environments condition.   There are different types of analysis in the company, however, what differs strategic analysis from the others are two characteristics: Two ways of perceiving management and information resources: researching the environment and company at the same time, and then confronting all results. This way has its roots in the art of war, and is opposite to traditional companys analysis Use of the qualitative and quantitative methods, from the different fields: economy, finance, sociology, psychology, statistics, and marketing Strategic management development had a strong influence on the strategic analysis. Since 50s and 60s there has been a rising instability and complexity of the world that surrounds the company, and thus caused scientists to create methods which could help it adapt to all changes by rational and planned manners. Long-term planning was the first issue that came into existence, but it was changed into the strategic planning term. Since 80s we can talk about the strategic management development. New concepts were made when the old ones did not work, and therefore helped companies be effective on the market. While developing the strategic management idea, there was a big pressure put on the rules and techniques of formulating the strategy. After that scientists were focusing the empirical researches, and basing on them they were classifying. In the last stage, the final characteristics of the researches and analysis are as follows: organisation strategy multi-dimensional treatment, strategic thinking focus, and trying to create strategic management concept. Strategic management development helps understand the evolution of methods and strategic analysis techniques, changes in the way of its use in the companys management, and treating the moment of the strategic analysis creation as a separate analysis category. There is a big increase in demand for these types of practices, which help assess the current and future situation of the company and then predict the future conditions of its functioning. Its connected with the increase of the environmental complexity, and then putting into practice long-term, and then strategic planning. Strategic planning, mainly in the global corporation, required more effort and thus analysis of the competitive environment, macro-environment, and measurement of the companys strategic position. The main factors that forced people get deeply into the strategic analysis and strategic planning were tough times of the sudden changes in the global economy, technology development, and worse economic factors. Companies improve their strategic analysis, because they face repeating organisation crises, worse internal development, lower market shares, or change of the target market. Whats interesting, these changes are very often influenced by the management board changes, or new strategy development and its implementation. According to Richard Koch (1998) there are two consulting companies, which implemented the strategy analysis into their businesses and thus became successful in the early 50s: Boston Consulting Group and McKinsey. Until the end of 70s, there were created seven school of the strategic thinking, which were connected with the two important management paradigms: strategic rationality ( Harvard School, Strategic Planning School, Matrix Positioning School, and Quantitative school ) and strategic behaviours ( Behavioural school, System School, Incrementalists school ) . First paradigm describes strategys technical-economical dimension, normative approach, which create rational patterns of behaviours, assessments and way of acting ( Gierszewska et al, 2007). The first group of schools is described below: Harvard school is characterised as a will to analyse the company and its competitive position against the environment, and to search for both positive and negative factors connected with functioning of the company in the different markets and its strengths and weaknesses. There are three best known strategic analysis models created by this school: LCAG model ( developed by E.P. Learned, H.K. Christensen, K.R. Andrews, W.D. Guth ). The idea of this model is to describe the search and research of the influence on the strategic choices of the companys strengths and weaknesses, and opportunities and threats that are connected with the environment. It has been used by the specialists in the field of management, until there were developed a better methods of the strategic analysis Contingency model ( A.D. Chandler, P.R. Lawrence, J.W. Lorsch ) This model permits to implement different solutions to the strategic problems. These solutions differ according to the situation of the company Industry analysis model ( M. Porter ) Michael Porter suggests to assess the companys situation that concentrates on the competitive environment. Additionally, it leads to the assessment of the sector attractiveness extent, in which company would like to operate Strategic Planning School as a term says, it is about the strategic planning, however it doesnt bring any models nor strategic analysis methods which help in the strategic management. It proves, that the rationality of the actions is a good plan. Matrix positioning school used qualitative and quantitative analysis tools, and helps gain precise techniques of the companys competitive position measurement. Presents the companys product portfolio and compares the dynamics of change between past and the future Quantitative School methods and techniques that are strongly connected with the multi-criteria and statistics analysis. It is based on the econometric modelling. Second paradigm is defined as exposing of the socio-political strategy dimensions and strategic analysis ( Gierszewska et al, 2007 ). Basing on this paradigm, there were created three schools of the strategic thinking. They are as follows: Behavioural. It has four fathers: H.A. Simon, J.G. March, R.M. Cyert, and H. Mintzberg. The idea of this school are the real processes of formulating and implementing the companys strategy, without any information background, how to make strategic decisions System D. Katz, R.L Kahn and M. Crozier are the founders of this school. This case describes the role of the person in the formulating strategy process, relations between participants, and highlights the social background of the organisation Incrementalists school C.E. Lindblom, T.J. Peters, and R.H. Waterman This school represents the pragmatic management approach. The only way to improve the quality of management is to follow already proved patterns implemented in the business by the successful companies. Whats more, motivation of the participants in the management process and example of the other successful corporations plays here a very important role. It is the basis of the further future success ( Giermaszewska, 2007 ). As we can observe, these schools provide us with the different approaches to the analysis methods improvement and strategic management. According to Giermaszewska ( 2007 ), and., schools based on the paradigm of the strategic rationality are more valuable than schools based on paradigm of the strategic behaviours. Harvard and positioning matrix schools bring more concretes and details, and thus bring and require more practical approach. The other schools focus the theoretical analysis methods and strategy creating. French scientists divided the strategic analysis models and put them on the continuum. They begin from the sociological models ( which are general and synthetic ) to the microeconomic models ( more complex, and bring more concrete analysis tools and techniques ). Sociologic models  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Macro-economic models LCAG-ANSOFF-PORTER-McKINSEY-ADL-BCG These classifications, schools evaluation, and strategic analysis models indicate the direction of the analysis evolution. New classifications ignore the latest schools and methodology propositions. M.F. Gouillart has chronologically ordered best known strategic analysis schools, and thus presented nine of them. He began from the early 60s, and ended on the 90s. Strategic analysis development, according to M.F. Gouillart: SWOT Analysis 1965 Portfolio analysis 1970 Japanese influence the role of quality, production and technology 1975 Shareholders benefits analysis 1980 Porters Model ( Porters 5 forces ) 1985 Price of perfection 1990 TIme-based competition Goal and strategic skills Strategic change Stage one presents LCAG analysis from the harvard school, portfolio analysis corresponds to the matrix positioning school, Porter model stands for the industry analysis model, and price of perfection stage represents the incrementalists school. However, M.F. Gouillart has enriched this group with two models more. They are as follows: analysis of the shareholders benefits, and Japanese influence. He adds also three issues that occurred in the early 90s: time-based competition, goal, strategic skills, and strategic changes. Analysis of the shareholders benefits type of the companys position assessment. It comes together with the financial analysis signification increase, and capital market forecasts. Moreover, it focuses shares value increase as a main goal of the company, and implementation of the financial analysis into the strategy formulation and its development Japanese influence this term was created in the 70s, when Japanese economy became very successful and was admired by the western companies. Just-in-time inventory strategy describes well the idea of this school, which puts pressure on the precision and punctuality, one of the main key success factors. Time-based competition time advanced companies have a serious advantage over the competition. Main tools used in this stage are techniques which help elaborate the dynamics of the given phenomenon, processes, and organisation ( Gierszewska, 2007 ).Time is one of the main factors which influence the result of the rivalry between companies. Goal and strategic skills the main role of the organisation is to define the mission and most important goals of the company. Basis of the success lays in the ability to use the companys strategic skills. Strategic change it describes the problem of the companys and executives adaptation to the changes in the environment and in the organisation. If there is too much attention put on the changes, the goal of the strategic management is lost from the horizon. This means, that elaboration and implementation of the strategy development are not taken into consideration   ( Gierszewska, 2007 ) All these methods do not go out, while the more attractive ones are being implemented. Useless methods are rejected, useful just improved and adjusted to the needs of the company, and technical and information capabilities ( Gierszewska, 2007 ). Whats more, the older methods from 50s and 60s are still being used in the consulting companies and business schools. LCAG method, product life-cycle, and BCG matrix are invaluable help for the beginning analysts. There is one more classification of the strategic management schools that has to be mentioned. One of the best known polish economists, Krzysztof Oblà ³j, has named and described them as follows: Traditional ( planning ) first thing to be considered is a detailed environment, and second creation of the formalized strategy Evolutionary more behavioural and politics-focused. Strategy is an evolutionary seeking for the common pattern. It is in the middle of the case and many organisational processes: tender for power, customer needs fulfilment, fixation of the activities routine Positional idea of this school is achieving the competitive advantage. It assumes that the strategies are characterised by the product-market concept, and put the pressure on the situation of the company in the environmental sector Resources and capabilities companys key capabilities and resources are the basis for its development strategies Modern   strategic analysis is partially based on the methodology of science, such as sociology, psychology, economy, and management. This connection helps in listing the following characteristics of the strategy analysis approach: Use of the financial analysis Technology development has simplified complex methods of the financial analysis, and therefore it is more understandable for the specialists and the managers. Strategic financial analysis is used both, in the assessment of the companys financial condition and the structure of the capital, and in the assessment of the competitive position of the organisation. Additionally, it helps estimate sector entry and exit barriers, and became a basis for the production portfolio estimation. Whats more, strategic costs, price strategy, and strategic alliances planning are also very important issues to consider. Quality factors The idea of quality factors is to make company be aware of its soft elements, such as culture, qualifications, and peoples motivations, strategic mission, ecological management aspect, and ethical side of the strategic analyses ( Gierszewska, 2007 ). These elements relate especially to the information about the competition, which is used in making decision process. Situational approach Company focuses the correct approaching procedure, and capability to interpret the analysis results without already selected tools and imposing assessments. Analysis is a tool, used by the managers in their everyday job. Thus, strategic planning departments are liquidated, information is being decentralized, and moreover company creates special group which takes over this task. Ø Complex character Company takes into account both internal and external factors from all of it subsystems and environment. In this case it explores relationship between these two factors ( Gierszewska, 2007 ). 1.7.1 Strategic Planning Methodology The purpose of this factor is to set information needs and methods of carrying on the strategic analysis   in the company. First issue that must be considered is the analysis of the environment, in which company operates, and its internal background, such as strengths and weaknesses, staff development, and its potential to develop the process of the new strategy. Knowledge about the past, presence, and capability to predict the companys future and its environment, helps in building the strategy that will adapt to the reality. A good strategic plan helps the company use its potential and strengths to fight the threat and not to loose any opportunity offered by the market. Managers can just set the strategic goal and during implementing the chosen scenario change the ideas into the concrete plans ( Gierszewska, 2007 ), but they may face some problems in the meantime, for example lack of precision in formulating the goals of the actions. Strategic planning is based on determining the sequence of decisions that have been made earlier, but have to be put into practice. Strategic management means, that the strategic decisions have to be put in the right order, findings in the different areas must be coordinated, and on the different levels of the management ( Gierszewska, 2007 ). The following methods, presented by Grazyna Gierszewska and Maria Romanowska ( Gierszewska et al, 2007 ), are very helpful in putting the companys strategy on the right track, plan different types of operations, and management functions. Levels of the strategic management   ( Maria Romanowska, 2007 ) ( STR 32, Gierszewska ) Levels of the management  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Types of the strategy Management Board  Ã‚  Company development strategy Section management The most important decisions for the company come from the management board. Portfolio operations depend on the number and type of sectors of the future activity, type of technology, and geographical scope of sales ( Gierszewska et al, 2007 ). So, according to what is said the corporate strategy should be considered as a first step to the further internal solutions. Strategy of the company is also responsible for the number of the different sectors, technologies, and markets, and investment priorities as well ( Gierszewska, 2007 ). Sector strategy is divided into two sub-groups: suppliers strategy, and competition strategy. Strategy making process in all these cases is limited by the goals and hierarchy that was implemented in the company development process. If corporations that operate only in one sector, there are no two strategic planning levels. They are just treated by the management board as a one strategic plan. However, they appear only when company wants to enter a brand new sector Last type of the strategy are the functional strategies. Their object is to evaluate the goals and ways of achieving them in the area of the financial management, marketing, personal policy, structure shaping, focusing the management procedures, and technology development ( Gierszewska, 2007). To conclude, the aim of the functional strategies is to oversee all strategic plans in the whole organisation.   1.7.2 Scope of the strategic analysis Strategic management requires capability to differentiate internal and external events/phenomenons. Managers are able mainly to research internal problems of the company rather than external ( Gierszewska, 2007 ). External problems estimation needs help of the consultants, and thus managers fail to analyse the environment. Corporation which constantly observes the environment is prepared for the threat that may occur. Situation on the market helps the company prepare the good strategy and plan the future. tells what steps should be taken in order to therefore

Telemechus in The Odyssey :: essays research papers

The people who raise a child influence that child’s values. Telemechus in â€Å"The Odyssey† is the son of Odysseus, a hero from the battle of Troy. After Telemechus was born, Odysseus left for battle leaving Telemechus, and his wife, Penelope, for a sum of twenty years. Telemechus had to learn to become a man at a very young age because he had to uphold the position of the man in the household. He developed a way of modernized thinking for this time in Greece, this includes his disbelief in the gods or their power over human beings. Telemechus also learned good judgment of character, from the people who surrounded his childhood. This epic poem portrays Odysseus as a strong hero, physically and mentally, however, Telemechus surpasses his father’s strength, mentally (physically is not mentioned in detail). Telemechus’ coming of age, although not described, made him become a stronger person than his father. Telemechus had to assume his father’s roles in the household because of his absence. Odysseus would have the responsibility of taking care of Penelope and Laertes, his father. When Telemechus was young, he was rushed into becoming a responsible adult. Odysseus was strong leader and next in line for the throne of Ithaca. Therefore, Telemechus had to protect his family’s land and throne in Ithaca, especially when suitors appeared on the doorstep looking for Penelope’s hand in marriage. Even though he heard about how his father was a strong leader, he did not have him as a role model. He had to find his own role models, such as his grandfather, Laertes. The responsibilities placed on Telemechus when he was young made him mature faster. Since Telemechus handled these new responsibilities well, he is stronger than Odysseus. He adapted to the situation at hand immediately, unlike Odysseus who takes a longer time to adapt to problems. For instance, it took him a while t o devise a plan to defeat Polyphemus at the Land of the Cyclopes, causing some of his shipmates to be Polyphemus’ dinner. The rush Telemechus had from childhood to adulthood shows that he has the strength to accept changes, and form his own ideas on the Greek values. Telemechus is a modern thinker from the method in which he raised himself. He did not have a father to guide him through learning all of the Greek values, and he formed some of his own opinions. â€Å"Those two are great defenders, no one doubts it, but throned in the serene clouds over head, other affairs of men and gods they have com to rule over†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Telemechus doubts the power of the gods.

Casinos Essay -- essays research papers

Casinos Casinos have become a form of entertainment for millions of Americans. In fact, Las Vegas, considered to be the home of casino gambling, is third only to Disneyworld and New York for tourism with 260 million visitors yearly. While it is true that casinos generate billions of dollars in revenues hardly any of that makes it back to the local economy as promised by the lobbyists to have casinos built in a city. Effects on local economies include construction jobs are created as well as hospitality jobs within the casino. While it is true jobs are created though usually they go to people outside the communities. The lobbyists for these huge casino companies state that it will also revive a dying economy if they allow casino gambling in their cities. Contrary to this claim though, Atlantic City has the highest unemployment rate in New Jersey. They claim restaurants, movie theaters, and other local businesses will benefit when exactly the opposite is true. Who is going to eat a local resta urant when the casino is offering free meals and drinks to gamblers. By 1996, Atlantic City casinos were devoting 318 million dollars to promotional food and drinks. Also in Atlantic City, over 900 of the 2100 small businesses there closed and the number of local restaurants was reduced from 243 to 146. Richard Byron, President of the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston, describes gambling expenditures as Money Extracted From Other Consumer Spending. When casinos come into a small community such as Atlantic City or Biloxi the people living in that community start to go there for entertainment instead of movie theaters, restaurants and other places they used to go to before. In 1994, more people went to the casinos than went to major league baseball parks and more money was spent on casinos than books, albums, and theme parks. It also affects real estate values, in Atlantic city the average cost of a house dropped 24,000.00 after the casinos were built and 11,000.00 for cities close to At lantic City. The reason for this may be because of increasing crime rates. The casinos would have everyone believe there is no change in crime statistics after they come in but this is not true. The American Insurance Institute estimates that 40% of all white collar crimes have their roots in gambling. Compulsive gamblers will bet until they have nothing left: savings, family assets, person... ...age wage and exceed average wages of several other industries. Furthermore the casino gaming industry creates additional jobs in the number of domestic supplier businesses. But at what price? The state and local governments lose on this deal. Compulsive gamblers cost the state an enormous amount of money each year, and with the number of problem gamblers growing with the casinos this is a problem that will not go away. The illegal gaming market is so enormous that its profits each year, surpass that of the top 100 American corporations combining. This includes IBM, all the automotive industries, and many more. The gambling industry makes a lot of promises it knows will not be fulfilled. But, once the revenues are tasted by the local governments they can never turn back. The casinos have lobbyists in Washington as well as local levels. It’s not like the old days of bookies and craps houses, now it’s huge business. The owners of the casinos are the same owners of movi e companies as well as amusement parks, they are all just forms of entertainment to them. If people could learn to play responsibly then there really wouldn’t be much harm but when you NEED to win you have already lost.

Anthropology: Examining the Physical and Cultural Characteristics of Hu

Anthropology: Examining the Physical and Cultural Characteristics of Humankind This course has provided interesting field studies of cultures that are drastically different than what I would consider â€Å"everyday life.† Anthropology examines not only who we are as a people, but also, importantly, who we were as a people. The studies of past cultures is a good place to start to answer questions about societies and cultures today, and to bridge together the gap between the past and present, and maybe even predict where we are headed in the future. Anthropology spans millions of generations, examining the physical and cultural characteristics of humankind. Often the artifacts recovered from a past civilization can tell us a great deal about how those people lived, their level of technology, their patterns of subsistance, and so on. Anthropology uses methods and tools from multiple scientific disciplines, such as the scientific method which allows the testing of falsifiable hypotheses. This approach seems to be a strong basis for many of the different areas of anthropology, namely archeology, ethnology, and linguistics. I had thought that male dominance and superiority (â€Å"man the hunter† model) was a highly conserved cultural characteristic in past societies, and even in many â€Å"less developed† areas of the world today. I was surprised by the case studies of the !Kung San (traditional foraging society, not sedentary), in which females were just as important as males in...

Research about smoking habit Essay

Smoking is associaated with an increased overall mortality. It was recognized early in the area of indutrilized cigaratte production and mass use. Smokers will often says that they are not addicted to cigarrate. They thinl of smoking habit , which they can control and contai and would be able to stop at any time. The definition of smoking is the way , the act of smoking tobacco or other subtances. According to history of smokers , tobacco or scientifically call necotine is a herbal plant .The herbal plant is about 1.8 meters high . it has big leaf about 30 centimeters . The reason why , smoking is addictive becouse of it contain nicotine , a subtances that given to monkeys ,rats, dogs will precipitate chemical dependency . Cigarrattes firsts produced by Julep Cigarattes , and marketed by the Julep Cigarattes Company of Boston and Hahira about 1935 , then later by Pen Tobacco Company and finally atound !958 By Brown and Williamson . A commercial cigarattes manufacturing plant was built in Harira, Georgia in 1962 . When the factory first opened , it manufactured ‘’ Osteen ‘’ cigarattes until the depression hit in 1929. After the few years , the factory closed and all cigarattes making equipment was removed . Smoking accounts for one out of every five death in Malaysia . It is the most important modifiable cause of premature death , responsible annually for an estimated 120 000 years of potential life lost. About 10 000 Malaysians die each year becouse of smoking ( Tobacca 2003 ). According to the World Health Organization ( WHO ) , there are about4.9 millions tobacco related deaths each year . This fegure makes tobacco use the leading cause of preentable death in the world . From 4.9 millions tobacco relateds death , 1.1 millions accur in the south east asia region , which is the largest producer of tobacco and tobacco products . The biggest increase in desease are in India . In the western Pacific Region, 62 percent of men and six percent of women smoking , leaving hte majority of non smokers exposed to second hand smoke ( WHO/WPRO , 2004 ) . The biggest Increse in tobacco related disease are expected in China , where an estimated two to three millions death will accur by 2020 ( WHO/WPRO , 2004 ). The Easten Madeteranian Region ( EMRO ) is not far from the current trends in China . Egypt has a rise in all tobacco related cancer including lung cancer which contributes over 90 percent of all death . Cigarretes smoking is a risk factor for stroke death . It is well known that cegirattes smoking is associated with an incresed risk of cardiovascular disease . manyepidemiological studies in Western populitions have identified smoking as an independent risk factor for stroke and this association has olso been found . However , epidemiological data regarding the relationship between smoking and stroke in Japanese people living in Japan remain inconclusive . In contrast , however , tobacco consumption in recent years been rising in developing contries including Malaysia . The prevalance of smoking among Malaysians adult aged 15 years and above had increased from 21 percent in 1985 to 31 percent in 2000 .Some 49 percent are all adult males and 5 percent of all adult females are now current smokers . 1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT People are becoming much more sensetive to the smoking issues . In Malaysia , these are about 5 million smokers consuming an average of 14 cigarattes per day ( tobacco 2003 ) . Unfortunately , the number of hte smokers is too large. It will triple the next three decades from 10 000 million in 1998 to 30 000 millions by the year 2030. As long as smoking is seriously dificult habit to beak , very few smokers are able to succeed in their attemts to quit . Various contries have proven that healthcare proffesionals can play an active role in helping smokers to break free of their tobacco addiction through a properly arganized smoking cessation proframs. Otherwise , smoking also will affects the non smokers person who bestfirend with them . The porpose of this study is to understand smoking habit of UNISEL ( University Selangor ) . This study will help the decision maker to make  decision about smoking arounf the campus . the goeverment is undertaking serious ( anti-smoking campaign ) arounf Malaysia but the result is discouraging . This shows not everybody is concerned about their healthy lifestyle . The statistics revealed that about eight percent of the estimated 4.6 millions smokers in Malaysia were students . It is about 50 to 60 teenagers started smoking a day . According to article Jasudason 2005 , the goverment had allocated RM20 millions a year for the next year for the next ten years for the anti smoking campaigns to prove its commitment the curbs the smoking habits among Malaysians . 1.3 RESEARCH OBJECTIVE This research is all about why the cigarette smoking is popular among the teenagers. The reseacher is aware that smoking is a major preventable cause of premature death . It does not only threaten young people’s currrent and future health but olso over the world a face the same problem nothing can change their perception . The objective of the research are :- 1. To find out why students involved in smoking at young age. 2. To understand what student think of smoking. 3. To know percentage of student who are involved in cigarattes smoking. 1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY An important reason for carry out this study is to provide an understanding on the impact of smoking . The significance of this research is to show how, why student are involved in smoking . This study will provide usefull information for policy makers of the university for taking steps to reduce incidents of smoing in campus. This olso will by understanding the habits , more effective anti smoking campaign should be planned and launched effectively . Besides , this analysis will provide usefull information that will help to overcome smoking habits in UNISEL student 1.5 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY This study limited to the survey of students in the Diploma Business Management under Faculty Of Business in UNISEL only . This is because of financial limitation and time contraints. 1.6 THE TIMESCLASE OF THE RESEARCH Date Details 30/10/14 Literature Review Community surveys of the areas Design the questionnaires- Collection of official and unofficial statistic 1/11/14 1st session participant observation of the area 2/11/14 Field work Interview the smokers 10/11/14 Field work 2st session participant observation of the area 7/11/14 Analysis of the data obtained from the field work 8/11/14 Write the thesis 1.7 RESEARCH QUESTION 1. What is the percentage of student In Diploma Business Management in UNISEL Shah Alam who smoker? The percentage of students who smokers is %. 2. What is the ratio of smoker between male and female student? The ratio of the smoker between male and female students is and out of respondents. 3. What is the average number and cigarette that student smoke? According to table 1.1 shows the average number of student smoker per day is between 5 – 15 sticks item How many cigarettes do you smoke per day Total Less than 5 sticks 5 – 10 sticks 10 – 15 sticks 15 – 20 sticks More than 20 sticks Are you smoker yes count % of Total 100 % 4. The amount of money spends on smoking every month. The amount of money they have spend on smoking cigarettes every month is RM for each person. Referring to the spending money of the week, the respondents usually spend about less than RM . 5. Of those smoke, what is the percentage of student who tried to stop  smoking? The percentage of students who tried to stop smoking is about % of them. CHAPTER 2  LITERATURE REVIEW The process of developing the competencies began with a literature review of other smoking cessation workforce competencies. The review question was What documents are available that will help in the development of the core competencies required for people providing evidence-based treatment of tobacco dependence in New Zealand? The international cessation competencies accepted by the Association for the Treatment of Tobacco Use and Dependence (ATTUD) 9 in April 2005 were used as the starting point, with more recent and more specific literature then investigated to ensure competencies were measurable and relevant to New Zealand. A variety of databases were searched for this review, using the following search terms: â€Å"smoking cessation†, â€Å"workforce competency†, â€Å"clinical competence†, â€Å"professional competence†, â€Å"competency- based education†, and â€Å"competency†. The databases included: Medline, Embase, Cinahl, AMED, Psy cINFO, PubMed, EBM Reviews – Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, EBM Reviews – Database of Abstracts for Reviews of Effectiveness, EBM Reviews – ASP Journal Club, EBM Reviews – Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Centre for Reviews and Dissemination. A variety of other sources were searched for information, including the reference lists of all obtained articles, key websites, and by asking key informants for relevant documents. All studies that focussed on smoking cessation competencies were sought, irrespective of study design, type of participants, sample size, or outcome measures. Only English language publications were sought. The search was restricted to literature published from 2005 onwards, that is, after the international cessation competencies developed by ATTUD were approved. The final literature search was completed on 7 March 2007. A narrative review of the literature was undertaken. Competency development—A project team from the University of Auckland’s School of Population Health developed a draft set of smoking cessation competencies based on information obtained from: The 2007 New Zealand Smoking Cessation Guidelines;10 Consultation with an expert group comprising 14 people from throughout New  Zealand selected for their expertise in cessation service provision and/or training. Page 49 URL: http://www.nzma.org.nz/journal/121-1276/3114/ CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH OF METHODOLOGY 3.1 Introduction The research employs quantitative research methods in conducting the study. In data collection , formal questionaires are prepared and the question are asked in a arranged order. 3.2 RESEARCH INSTRUMENT The research intrument of this study is questionares . the survey instruments measures the level of impact in smoking habit whether is good for health or not good for health for the young age . 3.3 DATA COLLECTION The research used thesurvey instruments to collect data research data . The research focuses on the opinion , when , why , how they involved in smoking cigarrates . The data collection selected randomly in Faculty of Business of Diploma Business Management . This information will be gathered in the following ways. Interview: Semi-structured interview technique Existing framework from previous research Gather detailed general information including: age & gender Taken before observations. CHAPTER 4 DATA ANALYSIS 4.1 INTRODUCTION After all data have been gathered and collected , it must be analyzed. This  process is called data analysis. As mentioned , 120 questionaires will be sent to respondent consist of 55 males and 65 females . 4.2 FREQUENCY ANALYSIS The analysis is based on the questionaires analysis is given to the respondents . The information in this part is divided in three parts as part A , Part B , part C 1. PART A : THE RESPONDENTS According to the study , there are eight question on students background 2. PART B : ABOUT HTE SMOKER This section shows the analysis of smoker who is involved in the cigarrates smoking and how much they spend in buying the cigarrates per week . 3. PART C : NON SMOKERS This section is mainly for the non smokers olso for a smoker who has stopped smoking and how they are motivated to keep away from smoking.

The roles of the Advance Practice Registered Nurse Essay

The roles of the Advance Practice Registered Nurse (APRN), Clinical Nurse Specialist(CNS), Nurse Practitioner(NP),Certified Registered Nurse Anesthesia(CRNA),Nurse Educator, and Nurse Administrator are not reflective of our current needs in healthcare. I disagree with this statement as I believe that APRN play a vital role in todays and in the future of our healthcare needs. In the hospital setting that I work in I have come across many APRN’s in different modalities such as nurse navigators (CNS), ARNP’s, CRNA’s and nurse administrators. Being able to work side by side with this individuals and specifically NP’s and CRNA’S when needed prescription at night or even when rounding with them to see patients they are there to listen to the concerns and take the time to educate them. They are highly appreciated and recognized by patients and their families. APN’s go to areas physicians will not go, they volunteer in clinics that have no other form of health care, delivery the babies in the rural areas and go into the shelters in the inner city. They teach the children in the schools how to be healthy and assist the parents with the health care system. In the hospitals they are the safety net that holds the practice together, with communication, collaboration and expertise within their clinical practice. Hamric, A. B., Spross, J. A., & Hanson, C. M. (2009). Advanced practice nursing: An integrative approach (4th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Elsevier Advanced nursing practice refers to the work or what nurses do in the role and the concept of advancement further defines the multi-dimensional scope and distinguishes differences from other types of nursing roles. Advanced practice nursing refers to the whole field, involving a variety of such roles and the environments in which they exist. as the affordable care act has been implemented the APRN’s will be very useful in the realizing the full potential of these roles through better planning and efforts to address environmental factors, structures, and resources that are necessary for advanced nursing practice to take place.

Social Stratification

Question: What are the causes of social stratification in the Caribbean? Throughout our lives, there must have been some form of categorization whether your complexion or financial status. Even in today’s society, people are judged and put into groups based on their race or even sometimes religion. This is known as Social Stratification. This however could not be possible without a diversed Caribbean that is present today. Cultural Diversity then speaks about the different ethnic traditions such as custom, race and language that are found in the society. Take for example Jamaica that has a motto â€Å"Out of Many One People†. This can be seen as a perfect example as many different races or ethnic groups reside in Jamaica and widely the Caribbean. As a result, a means of Social Stratification takes place in the society. Mohammad (2007) states that it is a ranking system which organizes or places persons in the society in a hierarchy. In addition, it can be classified as a characteristic of society as it appears to be present in most of our Caribbean islands. Although this is viewed as a form of inequality, the system was derived from events that took place some years ago. The main causes of social stratification are the Plantation System, Emancipation and Social Mobility. Historically, this system started on the fields of the sugar plantation. The persons who toiled in the hot sun in the fields were known as slaves and were viewed as the â€Å"lesser people†. Their masters however were the opposite as they had all the power and wealth so they were seen as more highly and respectable individuals. A distinction between them had begun as the gap between them had gotten bigger due to the mobility of the masters. A hierarchy was built and the slaves could be seen at the bottom due to the bias judgment of the pigment of their skin. During this period of history according to Greenwood (2003), a middle class was also developed owning to the fact that not all persons were classified as slaves or whites. Therefore a middle class was now a part of the hierarchy and they were called the mulattos. These sets of people were still judged on the colour of their skin and the materialistic things that they owned. This brought much segregation and division among them because of the differing cultures and the whites believing that they were better than others around them. Emancipation which took place years after the Plantation System with the slaves also helped with Social stratification that most Caribbean islands are experiencing now. Emancipation is the period in history when many of the African slaves got freed. Despite the fact that freeing the slaves was indeed an advantage to them, it brought a negative effect. With freedom came the advantage of schooling and getting educated, however not many persons were able to go forward with it. There was a division among the Blacks or the ex-slaves as only the better ones were able to get the chance to be taught. When this took place, many of the ex-slaves felt that they were lesser than even their own race or group and so there was categorizing present as even the whites were then divided into two groups, the Petite and the Blancs. This caused much hatred among them as social status made them feel as though they were superior to others. With the use of the hierarchy, there must have been some movement of persons whether up or down the ranking of the social ladder. This is known as social mobility; which even in today’s society it is taking place. It is even taking place as we speak. Mohammed (2007) states â€Å"Education is the primary means of accessing social mobility throughout the region† (p. 65). It is through education that most of the Caribbean leaders rise to such high authority or positions. Even in today’s society, it is the persons who are wealthy and are of light complexion that gets recognition for jobs and positions. Everyone else who falls below that, is classified as poor and is in the lower class on the hierarchy. Weber argues that social class is primarily based on power, prestige or status. In conclusion it can be said that social stratification all started from the days of slavery and even nowadays persons are still being ranked on race, colour, sex, religion and finance. References Greenwood, R. , Hamber, S. (1980). Arawaks to Africans. Macmillan Publishers Limited Mohammed, J (2007). Caribbean Studies for Cape Examinations. Macmillan Publishers Limited http://wps. prenhall. com/ca_ph_macionis_sociology_5/23/6031/1544046. cw/index. html http://www. youthlinkjamaica. com/cxc/sociology20030916. html http://stmarys. ca/~evanderveen/wvdv/class_relations/social_stratification. htm

Women in Congress

Why do you think so few women and racial minorities have been elected to Congress? That is a question that can come with many different answers. In my opinion, I believe that there is a different reason between women and minorities for their lack of success in Congress. Both reasons involve the past, but in different ways. The United States Congress is the bicameral legislature of the federal government of the United States, consisting of the House of Representatives and the Senate. There are 435 members in the House of the Representatives. The Senate has 100 members. Both senators and representatives are chosen through direct election. The main reason why women and minorities are not popular in Congress is because of descriptive representation. Descriptive representation is a belief that constituents are represented effectively by legislators who are similar to them (Challenge of Democracy). The characters that qualify are race, ethnicity, religion, or gender. That is the main factor why there are so few women and minorities in Congress. Due to the past, the demographic characteristic is a white male. As far as African American activity in government goes, a lot of progress has been made. In the past slavery kept blacks from being involved at all. They slowly made progress when they were counted as 3/5th of a person. Then they moved on to being free persons, and from then the African Americans moved on. There were many influential blacks to America. Martin Luther King Jr. and Rosa Parks were two very important people. They changed America for the better and helped African Americans advance in life. African Americans began serving in Congress during the Reconstruction Era after slaves were freed and granted citizen rights. Free black men gained political representation in the South. White Democrats took back political power and tried to return white supremacy. Legislatures lowered voting for blacks by passing tougher voter laws. As a result of the African American Civil Rights Movement, Congress passed laws to end segregation and protect civil rights and voting rights. When Congress changed the Voting Rights Acts in 1982, the states made districts that put minorities together. They thought it would make it a better chance for African Americans and Hispanics to be elected into office. They fixed the â€Å"make-up† of the districts. Women were never seen as a necessity in the business world in the past. They were not useful when it came to farming in men’s eyes. They were always needed to do the household chores and making sure the kids were being taken care of. Men believed that women were not as strong as men. It was as if they were not as important as men. Women were not allowed to vote until 1920, and before then not many women were involved in the government (Women in Congress). If you could not choose who was going to make decisions for you, why would you even be concerned? There was only one state, New Jersey, who allowed women to vote for 17 years (1790-1807). The only way they could vote was if they fit the land requirements. I believe though that the reason why there are so few women and minorities in Congress is because America is not ready to change. They are stuck on the way things were before and never trying new things. People are not willing to even give a woman the time of day, even if she has great ideas. It would be someone they brush off because women aren’t smarter than men. Minorities are not even considered an option in Congress just because of their title as a â€Å"minority†. There are a minor amount of minorities and it is hard to find the ones that are determined to better themselves in life. It is almost as if they’ve given up on trying to become an image breaker. Everyone believes in the descriptive representation and that is why minorities are not involved in the government (Congress vs. Minorities). As the years have progressed though there is one man that I must give credit to for making a huge advancement for minorities in government, Barack Obama. He had many obstacles to overcome to get there. There were many people that told him he didn’t stand a chance in the race. He was determined and he now is sitting in the office as President of the United States. Demographic groups have always been a large role in Congress. The groups consist of race, gender, ethnicity, or religion. The groups vote for people that are in the considerable same group as them. For example, if a Catholic runs against a Jew, most Catholics would vote for the Catholic. In 2050, there will be remarkably many different things going on in the world. There is a chance that a black woman will be the President. A Hispanic male might be the Speaker of the House. Global Warming could be done for, and New Orleans could possibly be submerged underwater. All possibilities of what the world could be like in 40 years. I believe that the world will have a new outlook on things and demographic groups will not exist so prevalently. I think people will be able to make decisions based on their own likings and not what their â€Å"group† is doing. People are becoming more independent in their choices in 2010, so 40 years from now the world’s mindset will be free. To support my reasoning on people being independent now is through the example of Obama winning the presidential election. I believe that people stepped out of their demographic group on their voting choice. Yes, most African Americans voted for Obama, but even the African Americans affiliated with a different religion voted for him. White people stepped out of their religion and race to vote for Obama. I still believe demographic groups will exist, just not so commonly. Those that are stuck to traditions and keeping things the way they were will still be apart of the group. They will consist of less people, but there will be enough to rock a vote. Hopefully, the demographic groups will just completely wipe out and let people use their minds. I want Americans to be able to make their own decisions. The reason why there are so few women and minorities in Congress has to do with choices made my Americans. African Americans that want to run for a position in Congress probably find it pointless due to the demographic groups. They feel that they shouldn’t waste their time since they already know the outcome especially if they run against a white male. Hopefully having Obama in office will give other minorities and women incentive to pursue their dream to be involved in the government. The entire controversy will continue for years though. These have just been my personal opinion mixed in with facts. The ideas for the future I have are very well thought out, and I hope to see the progress in the future. If African Americans can go from being slaves to running the United States; I think it is more than possible for people to become more independent in their own thoughts and decisions.

E-Commerce Payment Methods Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

E-Commerce Payment Methods - Research Paper Example Continuous studies reveal that offering alternative methods of paying increase sales because of the fact that, the several options of payment offered by an electronic store increases the likelihood for customers to find a mode that suits them best when making a purchase online. This paper will take a research that expounds on electronic commerce payment methods and their affluence on today’s world. Bill Me Later Different people have different views regarding some methods of settling debts. Likely, as a shopper, you have used several of the most popular methods of payment . However, when it comes to setting up a Web shop, exactly what does storekeeper require in order providing a choice of modes of payments to his customers? This research outlines the steps needed to take to incorporate three popular alternative methods of payment, which include Bill Me Later, Google Checkout, and Pay Pal in to a business . To begin with, Bill Me Later is an optional form of payment the, with reference to the vice president of Bill Me Later, marketing department Vince Talbert, this instrument has more than 3 million users within 700 sites and 300 call centers worldwide. During the interview, Vince Talbert said, this company offers its clients a lower cost compared to credit cards and as surprising as it may sound, it assumes the hazards of fraud for both the merchants and consumers thus guaranteeing payment for merchants3. Further findings reveal that, Bill Me Later requires a merchant account whereby, a bank extends a credit line to a business so that the business can accept payment by major credit card. In so doing, if an online merchant finds it necessary to incorporate this method into his site, Vince Talbert said the process is a straightforward one. When a willing client contacts Bill Me Later, the company representative leads him through the task required to fold the requisite data into the existing merchant account. After, to get it up and running on a site, the process is two fold. On one end, there is basic HTML work and on the other, the client needs to fill some merchant processor database work. This research revealed that, this company provides sample code together with promotional messaging and a check out screen that electronic businesses can use while at their sites. The designers the response of Bill Me Later designed it to work just like a response of an authorization card making it easy for merchants to store it in their systems. Bill Me Later is advantageous over its competitors because, according to Vince, Bill Me Later is just as simple as a Master card or Visa card transaction on both the front and back end. Consumers provide a small amount of identification data; mainly their date of birth and the last four digits of their Social Security number and authorization process take place within three seconds. This mode of payment has no complications as it only requires merchants to keep their code of response in their ordering or fulfillment management system in order for them to be able to generate settlement requests the same way they do in the case of processing a credit card4. Google Check out With Google Checkout, merchants are able to charge the credit cards of their customers and do order tracking via the fulfillment process as well as receive payments of orders in bank account. This research carried a critical evaluation whereby it foun d out that, unlike Bill Me later, Google Checkout does not require someone to have a merchant bank account.

History of Water Management Technologies Research Paper

History of Water Management Technologies - Research Paper Example Water history and its management are of a paramount importance to us. Water history gives us a clue as to how water management policies and technologies overtime transformed the states and life of the people. Stepwells of Rajasthan in India are embodiment of such great traditions in managing the water resources at local level. The paper is an attempt to explore how and what kind of water management technologies evolved over several centuries since the time of early civilization. Early Water Management Devices– Saqiya, Noria, Qanat The beginning of agricultural practices that started after a long period of hunting and foraging has a lot to do with evolving of numerous water management technologies. The agriculture as a means for subsistence led to the digging of canals, wells, drains. That further necessitated the discovery of numerous water-lifting devices as community-based agriculture further expanded in the different parts of world. That is how the devices such as saqiya an d noria came into existence. Qanats built during 500 BCE is an indication that how water technologies started taking forefront in developing agriculture as a means for subsistence. Water Management during Mesopotamian Civilization Initial efforts to control flow of water were done in early civilization of Mesopotamia and Egypt. The remains of those canals can still be found. It should be noted that every city of the Sumer and Akkud dating 4000 years BCE had a canal getting water from the Euphrates River. Mari had several cisterns and had extended collection system to harness rain water. Habuba Kebira (modern Turkey) had Terracotta pipes for transporting water. The shaduf as a water-lifting device from one level to another had its origin in Mesopotamia which later spread to Greece and other parts of Europe. The shaduf usually provides lift of 3 meter and can deliver 500-2500 liters per day (Mays a) Water Management by Indus-Valley Civilization Mohenjo-Daro as the part of Indus Civili zation was built around 2450 BCE. The city had 700 brick-lined wells and it was located in the semi-arid region. The construction of their bath platforms did indicate that water consumption was huge. During those times the city was provided with effluent drains made of brick masonry and stretched along one side of the street with removable covers made of wooden boards or loose bricks. Wall drain chutes were employed so that effluent could flow in a catchment basin. Water management was so elaborate that they had bathrooms in their houses and sewer system in streets. That was perhaps the oldest well-built water collection and disposal system in operation (Mays b). Canals in the Americas – Innovative Water Managementways The earthen canals in Americas are found dating back 6000 to 4500 years in the Central Andean Cordillera region on the banks of Rio Nanchoc River and the canals were used for irrigation to grow peanuts, coca, and cotton crops. Canals in Mesoamerica go back to t he time of 1200 BCE. Water wells in San Marcos, dams, reservoirs, drains and canals were the part of water management system in Morelos, Oaxaca (Dillehay). Water Management by Qanats Qanat fulfilled the need of irrigation in ancient Persia. They are basically underground tunnel taking advantage of gravity flow from the higher elevations to the lower plains. Qanats are equipped with the vertical shafts to provide for lighting and air circulation. The longest (71 kilometer) and oldest (more than 3000 years old) qanat is found at the ancient city of Zarch in Persia. Even today, more than 30,000 qanats are in operation in Iran. The qanat technology spread during Persian rule. In different civilizations, it came to be known with different names such as Karez in Afghanistan